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2008-03-26
[笔记]Excel中实现投资项目评估 - [达有为]
三大步:
先列财务管理知识树
再列excel关键词
然后开始介绍excel中的实现方法------------------------帅气的分割线-----------------
知识结构
项目投资评价基本方法 :
(一)折现指标法,包含:
1 净现值法
2现值指数法
3内含报酬率法
(二)非折现指标
1回收期法
2会计收益率法------------------------帅气的分割线-----------------
excel关键词
NPV IRR XNPV XIRR PV 函数
------------------------帅气的分割线-----------------
第一节 ·净现值函数NPV与净现值法,现值指数法
NPV(rate,value1,value2, ...)
rate表示固定的折现率
每个value之间间隔是周期,周期固定不可分割(拓展思维,可以适当调整折现率把周期切割成合适的大小,然后采用零值替代来完成不等周期折现计算)
如果周期不固定且不易分割,使用XNPV函数
value1是距离现值点一个周期的将来现金流。
流入用正,流出用负
应用:配合财务管理净现值法和现值指数法的应用
净现值法
=NPV(折现率,第一年末现金流,第二年末现金流,...)+期初投资【注:专业的写法,期初投资要用负数表示,所以中间用加号连接】
现值指数法
=NPV(折现率,第一年末现金流,第二年末现金流,...)/期初投资 【注:这里的期初投资要用正数表示】
第二节·IRR函数与内含报酬率法(更新完毕)
IRR(values,guess) values 是复述形式, guess是可选参数
每个value之间的周期是固定的,如果是不固定,使用XIRR函数
这个公式的使用相对简单,直接引用excel帮助的注释:
Values 必须包含至少一个正值和一个负值,以计算返回的内部收益率。
函数 IRR 根据数值的顺序来解释现金流的顺序。故应确定按需要的顺序输入了支付和收入的数值。
如果数组或引用包含文本、逻辑值或空白单元格,这些数值将被忽略。
Guess 为对函数 IRR 计算结果的估计值。
Microsoft Excel 使用迭代法计算函数 IRR。从 guess 开始,函数 IRR 进行循环计算,直至结果的精度达到 0.00001%。如果函数 IRR 经过 20 次迭代,仍未找到结果,则返回错误值 #NUM!。
在大多数情况下,并不需要为函数 IRR 的计算提供 guess 值。如果省略 guess,假设它为 0.1 (10%)。 如果函数 IRR 返回错误值 #NUM!,或结果没有靠近期望值,可用另一个 guess 值再试一次。要注意的:
- 如果values不是在同一列或者同一行的连续区间,可以使用excel的定义名称功能来实现(插入-名称-定义)
- 如果没有定义单元格格式,默认的显示结果是精确到1的百分数,一般来说不符合财务精确度要求,需要重新定义单元格格式以提高精确度。
而采用非折现指标 的回收期法和会计收益率法不需要复杂的函数,减法和除法就能得出了,不做详述
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2008-03-25
自译《经济学人》:进退两难的亚洲物价政策 - [达有才]
翻译自 economist 自娱自乐
进退两难的亚洲物价控制
2008年2月21 | 香港
发于《经济学人》印刷版
物价控制只能是短期的方法翻译:达芬奇
Translator: Jesse Yin亚洲的通货膨胀上涨的主要原因是能源和食品价格的上涨。在经历了严重的雪灾之后,中国的通胀率已经在1月达到了11年来的最高值——7.1% ; 并且在本月(达注:表示2月)可能继续上涨。印度,印尼,泰国以及新加坡的通胀率都已经超过了 4% 。
考虑到太平洋彼岸的美联储正在大幅削减利率,亚洲各国的中央银行很难在这时做出增加利率的决策,因为担心调升利率会导致国外的资本流入(达注:NCO减小),推动本国货币汇率的大幅上扬。强势货币的确有助于降低进口食品和能源的价格。但在政策实施上却与理论上的解决方案相反,大部分政府正在采取物价管制和政府补贴来抑制通货膨胀。印度长期以来对很多商品施加价格上限政策;泰国,马来西亚以及费率并正考虑新的物价控制或补贴政策。在1月,中国政府严厉控制能源,交通以及水的物价,并宣布生产必需的食品(包括肉类,粮食,鸡蛋和食用油等)的公司必须在经过批准后方可提价。
中国经历了三十年的市场经济之后,有人认为改革开放是一个大退步。但是中国的决策者们已经能理解物价限制政策对供给的负刺激,导致更多的短缺和更高的价格。同时也刺激了需求的疯涨(达注:生活物资具有吉芬商品属性,鉴于此,作者得出以上结论)。
中国官员说,上述政策只是临时的,食品价格只是被严密监视而不是被绝对控制。事实上,这些政策看的主要目的是基于政治因素而不是经济上的考虑:只要让公众产生“政府很重视物价上涨问题,很重视民众利益”的感觉,就达到他们所需要的目的了。亚洲历史上,社会动荡的主要起因往往都是通货膨胀。最明显的例子就是八9年的天.安..门广.场的示.威。
世界银行在其中国经济季报中指出,在短期内 ,价格管制在控制通胀上的作用是利大于弊的。这是因为通胀率的增加主要是被食品价格上涨带动的。而食品价格的上涨不是由需求的变动导致,而是由于供给的短缺。举例来说,猪肉价格上涨60%是由于猪瘟导致的,而不是因为猪肉需求增加所导致。但是长期来看,价格管制对市场的有效性和效率的影响将是破坏性的。
即使有食品市场的短期价格控制的个案,长期的价格管制和补贴政策也需要废除。马来西亚和印度尼西亚的燃油价格是全亚洲最低的,这两个国家的燃油补贴已经超过政府总支出的 10% .
印度政府在2月15日进行了20个月以来第一次燃油价格调整,但是却暧昧不清的上浮了 5%. 中国在去年11月一下就上调了10% ,但是石油供应商仍然是被迫以低于国际成本的价格出售燃油。与此相应,各大城市加油站出现了燃油短缺。
西方很多评论家辩称,不仅价格管制不能在长期中降低通货膨胀,如果国内的燃油价格不能回升到与原油成本相匹配,那么开车从北京到印度班加罗尔会耗费更多的油(作者是想描述需求的不合理增加;与高油价相比,低油价耗费的油肯定更多),这反过来又推动全球石油价格升高。
亚洲的经济体中,燃油价格的上涨速度慢于全球。但是,如表中所显示的那样,亚洲各国包括印度和中国,燃油的零售价却高于美国(只有印尼和马来西亚例外)。
中国和其他亚洲国家显然应该放宽能源价格控制,以改善自己的经济效率。但是把全球石油需求和价格的上涨归责于亚洲的廉价能源政策的美国人,真应该好好看下自己花了多少钱买油。原文链接和标题:
http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=10733112
Asian price controls
In a fix
Feb 21st 2008 | HONG KONG
From The Economist print editionPutting caps on prices is only a short-term solution
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2008-03-23
西方欺骗了我们?是无耻的喉舌骗了我们! - [达有病]
明天早上上来贴图!
新华网的新闻
http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2008-03/22/content_7837849.htmCCTV的新闻
http://news.cctv.com/world/20080322/101287.shtml人民网的新闻
http://world.people.com.cn/GB/14549/7032010.html真的是西方欺骗了我们么?
明明是喉舌篡改了西方的新闻,然后拿来忽悠国人!
请看以下内容:
有个东西叫做验证,既然网络信息可以验证,你就去三
bbc的新闻在你给的那个网页里面被篡改了,你自己看图就知道了
bbc原始新闻地址
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7300312.stm
原来图片下面的英文是 "there have been many reports of injuries and death in lhasa"
喉舌给的链接图中被篡改为了 "There is a heavy military presence in Lhasa"
再看篡改foxnews
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,338770,00.html?sPage=fnc/world/asia
我怎么搜索foxnwes都找不到以“Rioter Roundup”为标题的新闻或者图片
并且从斑马给的链接供图看,没有文章作者没有日期,完全不知所云
而foxnews的确引用过那张图片,只不过下面的批注是这样的:
“March 15: Indian police drag a Tibetan protester outside the Chinese Embassy in New Delhi, India.”
并且foxnews根本没有用过单张图片,一般都以gallery或者相册的形式给出多张图,而斑马给的链接中却根本没有gallery,赤裸裸的 篡改
下面分别是篡改图和原图华盛顿邮报地址在这里,大家看了就知道
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/17/AR2008031702578.htmlcnn的google缓存
http://203.208.35.101/search?q=cache:q4zoTzRjPuUJ:www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/15/tibet.unrest/index.html%3Firef%3Dmpstoryview+dead+in+Tibet+site:cnn.com&hl=zh-CN&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=cn&client=firefox-a&st_usg=ALhdy2_vL_Tyz8UwxnJm6Mp0oQQTtVZyGA
cnn的新闻原文是这样的
NEW DELHI, India (CNN) -- Violent protests in the Tibetan capital Lhasa against Chinese rule have left at least 100 people dead, according to unconfirmed reports from exiles in India, while official media put the death toll at 10.
var CNN_ArticleChanger = new CNN_imageChanger('cnnImgChngr','/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/15/tibet.unrest/imgChng/p1-0.init.exclude.html',2,1); //CNN.imageChanger.load('cnnImgChngr','imgChng/p1-0.exclude.html');
Tibetans throw stones at army vehicles as a car burns on a street in the capital Lhasa.
The protests, sparked by the anniversary of the failed 1959 uprising that sent Tibet's Dalai Lama into exile, are the latest embarrassment to hit 2008 Olympic-host China, which has attracted international criticism over its human rights record.
Quoting the Tibetan government, China's state-run Xinhua news agency said 10 were killed in Lhasa Friday after police blocked a march by monks, sparking the violence.
"The victims are all innocent civilians, and they have been burnt to death," an official with the regional government told Xinhua.
Tibetan exiles in India meanhwile cited unconfirmed reports that at least 100 people were killed and many more injured.
Video broadcast on China's CCTV Saturday showed flames and black smoke rising the market, where hundreds of rioters used hands, feet and sledge hammers to break down doors and shatter windows.
Watch CCTV's images of the violence »One of the targets of their violence was a Bank of China branch. Protesters, including some monks dressed in red robes, could be seen overturning cars and throwing rocks to chase away other people. There was no sign of Chinese police in the video.
The protests in Tibet began Monday when hundreds of monks rallied on the 49th anniversary of a failed uprising against Beijing that forced the Dalai Lama into exile.
Police used gunfire and tear gas to quell the Lhasa protest, according to witnesses, human rights groups and Xinhua.
Demonstrators set fire to vehicles and shops. One source said late Friday that up to a third of the city may be on fire and that power lines had been cut.
A main market in Lhasa, Tromsikhang Market, was set on fire, said Kate Saunders, a spokeswoman for the International Campaign for Tibet. The market has many Chinese traders, and she said Tibetans have been concerned about the influx of Chinese into the area.
Some ethnic Tibetan shopkeepers hung scarves outside their stores in an effort to spare them from the protesters' wrath, a witness reported.
Chinese bloggers and U.S.-based human rights groups said Chinese security forces had sealed off the three main monasteries around Lhasa after the violence broke out. The bloggers also said police wearing armored vests were moving toward Lhasa in armored personnel carriers.
Beijing is hosting the
Summer Olympics » in August, and Tibetan exile groups told CNN they plan to hold demonstrations when the torch is carried through India in April.The protests had been largely peaceful until Friday, when monks from Ramoche Temple on the north side of Lhasa attempted to march to the capital, rights groups said.
In India, Tibetans planned a protest Saturday at the Jama Masjid, old Delhi's principle mosque. In Nepal, about 100 Tibetan exiles said they were starting a hunger strike in protest.
Don't Miss
Indian police surrounded the Tibetan community in old Delhi Friday, effectively sealing it to prevent anyone from going in or out after a Friday night protest, a spokesman for the Tibetan Youth Congress told CNN.
Police arrested 61 people at the protest Friday night, including four who demonstrated at the Chinese embassy, said Youth Congress spokesman Komchok Yarphel.
Yarphel also said that protesters planned to restart a march from the northern Indian city of Dharmsala to the Tibet border that was forcibly stopped Thursday by Indian authorities. Those 100 protesters have been jailed for 14 days, but Yarphel said another 100 will begin the march from Dehra, where the first attempt ended after only three days and 75km.
Police have banned the march and are likely to stop it again.
The protesters planned to reach the border for a confrontation with Chinese authorities in time for the opening of the Beijing Olympics in August.
Dharmsala is home to the Tibetan exile government and the Dalai Lama.
CNN sought permission to enter Tibet on Friday, but the permission had not been granted by Friday evening Beijing time. CNN reporting on Tibet was being blacked out Friday in mainland China.
Chinese authorities blamed the Dalai Lama for the unrest, but the Dalai Lama said the protesters were simply acting out of "deep-rooted resentment" of the Chinese government.

"As I have always said, unity and stability under brute force is at best a temporary solution. It is unrealistic to expect unity and stability under such a rule and would therefore not be conducive to finding a peaceful and lasting solution," he said in a written statement.
"I therefore appeal to the Chinese leadership to stop using force and address the long-simmering resentment of the Tibetan people through dialogue with the Tibetan people. I also urge my fellow Tibetans not to resort to violence." -
2008-03-15
让我欲哭无泪的KPMG实习考试 - [达有贱]
昨天晚上6点40收到KPMG的短信,恭喜我通过了KPMG考试,让我查收邮箱,我一阵晕,那不是12月的事情了么,怎么现在才回复。
屁颠颠的回去看邮箱,真是让人欲哭无泪的邮件啊
我怎么这么倒霉捏
现在收到也太没意义了……邮件有附注,说不许公开信件内容,但是他是英文我是中文,我说的可不是他说的哦,所以我没违背规矩吧……
大致翻译下:
哦!亲爱的(dear)同志们:
你对俺们的重视让我感激的屁滚尿流!
祝贺你通过了俺们的测试,但是(草,该死的“但是”,老子最恨欲抑先扬这种修辞手法了),都怪俺们实习人数预算,我们寒假把你丫鄙视了。但是(我靠,又转折了!)考试成绩对于08年暑假实习和09年毕业生招聘仍然有效。你丫要是还是喜欢我们这旮旯的话,你仍然需要在俺们开始这些计划的时候做个申请。俺们会按程序处理你丫的申请的。俺们以后还会联系你丫的。
摸摸
kpmg毕业生征募小组 -
“长期是对当前事情的一个误导。在长期中,我们都会死。如果在暴风雨季节,经济学家只告诉我们,暴风雨在长期中会过去,海洋必将平静,那么他们给自己的认为就太容易而且无用了。”
——约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯
凯恩斯批驳的是古典经济理论在短期中解释不了物价与产量的变化关系。短期经济现象的确是重要的,就如上面引用的凯恩斯的精辟言论。在货币政策的影响被普遍接受之后的资本主义世界也很少出现大范围的经济萧条。经济学又造福了人类。古典通货膨胀理论说总供给只受制于劳动,资本,自然资源,技术。而新的理论给其加上了“预期物价水平”这一影响力。使经济学在短期内也可以做出合适的解释。
(图中阴影表衰退或萧条期)
短期宏观政策的确在起作用,从1965到2005的数据可以看出,美国的经济衰退期幅度和持续长度都较2战以前减小了。减少的还有低产量低就业的痛苦和和对经济的破坏力。
期间最基础的模型可以粗糙的概括为如下公式:
产量的供给量=自然产量+a(实际物价水平-预期的物价水平)
其中a是决定产量对物价水平预期到的变动做出多大反应的数字。而所有预期都是基于对现实状况的考虑而产生的。
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2008-02-25
对话引出的评论——关于《兄弟》 - [达有才]
这不是评论,这是我跟一网友的对话
其实我是想说这类小说的为什么值得看
先从讲故事开始。
小孩子想小便了,于是不管是在公共场合还是在幼儿园的教师还是在超市甚至舞台上,他大声向着妈妈说,我要尿尿!
旁边的人哈哈笑一阵,小孩子不懂事,不过也不伤大雅。
一个成年人突然在安静的公交车上突然大吼一声,我要拉屎~
旁边人脸露厌恶,侧目而视。
一样的话语导致了不一样的反应。俩人说的话都不存在对错的区别,说的都是真是感受,可是成年人的社会中,人需要学会掩饰和虚伪。即使那个公交车上的家伙的确很想大便,他也不能大吼出来,同样不能吼叫出来的有以下内容:
我想XX前面的那个MM
我鄙视我的老板/领导
我痛恨这种制度
……
等等
大意就是说,为了维持游戏的正常运转(当然我们先不考虑游戏是为了谁正常运转),成年人必须懂得虚伪和掩饰。
而虚伪和掩饰时间久了人们就会产生一种错觉,为了把别人骗过去把自己的都骗过去了。这个时候他看世界的眼光已经和原来想喊而不敢喊叫的时候的不一样了。这种人就被“体制化”了。
体制化的人的最大特征是当公交车上有人喊出我要拉屎的时候他会鄙夷的扭过头脸上写满厌恶,尽管当时他也可能正被屎憋的快肛裂了。这个人已经实现了完美的自我欺骗,第一反应就认为那个人是错误的。其实那人没什么真正意义上的“错”。
根据心理学的观点,长期出于强迫状态人会变得压抑,虽然体制化的人出于潜意识的自我强迫,此观点仍然有效。这个时候压力需要得到释放,于是嘲 笑、鄙视、抱有敌意、攻击违背“欺骗和掩饰”规则的人成为了发泄压力的有效方式,强烈的释放压力需求导致了这种敌对意识有强大的动力和生命。
当然不是所有的人都是如此,也有人会思考此问题,当其得不到答案时候想起了站在台上大吼我要尿尿的小孩子,原来他们的眼光才是真正的无邪真诚 不存在虚伪的。于是他们学会了抛去虚伪像小孩子一样的思考方式来看整个世界发生的事情,有些这样的人根据现实写了小说。这种小说中的一部就叫做《兄弟》
当然,体制化的人看这本小说会得到巨大的震撼。有些会觉得振聋发聩,有些却会恼羞成怒,还有的没有反应。振聋发聩的是因为突然拾起了失落已久 的真实;恼羞成怒的是因为戳穿了他的皇帝新装;没有反应的比较复杂,有可能是觉得振聋发聩却习惯于虚伪的没有反应,也有可能是根本没有去思考过这些,或者 干脆就是为了装逼。而小孩子却会觉得没有什么意思,他觉得我本来就是这么认为的,并且他说的还没我说的直接和有效,于是他会看了几页就去打电子游戏了。
这个也是为什么儿童是最好的哲学家的原因
---跟我对话的网友又问:那为什么描述那么多大便 苍蝇 蛆了 这些也是人性压抑的?
——我回复:
把作者当作一个孩子
你问一个大人,北方的大草原上有什么?
答曰:绿绿的草,蓝蓝的天,美丽的姑娘笑的甜
问小孩
曰:草,牛,羊,牛粪,羊粪,屎壳郎……
小孩不加工(其实加工就是欺骗与虚伪),看到什么就是什么,牛粪就是牛粪,牛粪和美不美没得关系,在小孩子眼中,有就是有,没有就是没有 -
2008-02-24
本博译:斯皮尔伯格的声明(附英文原文) - [达有才]
无聊根据辗转提供的文本随便翻译的:
帮忙指正
Steven Spielberg 的陈述
关于北京奥运会和苏丹达尔富尔问题
翻译:达芬奇
2008年2月12日
经过慎重考虑,我决定正式宣布,不参与北京奥运开幕和闭幕式艺术顾问的任何事务
因为我早已经预料到我将做出这样的决定,一年前北京奥组委给了我合同,但是我一直都没有签字。自那时起,我就反复要求中国政府运用其在当地的独有的影响力,给苏丹达尔富尔带来和平与稳定。尽管大家的努力都一直卓有成效——最显著就属联合国安全理事会1769号决议的通过——达尔富尔的情况却越渐恶化,暴力活动继续加剧。
考虑上述情况,我认为我不能再将此职仅仅当作普通生意一样来看待——我的良心不允许这样。所以,我的时间和精力一定不能仅仅花在奥运会的开闭幕式上,我要尽我所能能来阻止在达尔富尔发生的违背人性的罪行的继续延伸。苏丹政府应为正在发生的罪行承担大多数责任,但是国际社会—— 尤其是中国——应该做更多努力,以结束发生在那里的惨剧。中国的经济,军事,以及外交与苏丹的关系,使中国有能力和责任为苏丹带来改变。情况却已是极端恶劣——虽然中国代表向我转达说他们正在致力于结束达尔富尔的惨剧,但是悲剧和苦难仍然逐步升级。
这对我来说一直成为一个艰难的决定。我很珍惜与中方的合作关系,私下里我与著名导演张艺谋是很好的朋友。在与他共事的过程中我从他和其他一起工作的大师们那学到不少东西。与那群能给我们的工作带入丰富的想象力和视觉效果的人一起工作,对我来说,很难找到比这更有意义的事情了。我非常喜欢我们共同工作时候的精神——真诚的友谊和尊重。
在我看来,奥运会表现的是一个世界大同的理想,是超越文化和政治的桥梁。我致力于建设一个连接所有人的桥梁,将北京奥运会作为一个能帮助缓解世界紧张状态的机会。
中国能给世界带来更多,我从不怀疑中国的国际贡献将会逐步增长。然而,影响力的增长,也意味着责任的增长。“2008,北京欢迎您”,我希望2008的北京也会欢迎我,我更希望更多来自中国的努力,能最终给达尔富尔带来和平和安定。
附英文原文
STATEMENT FROM STEVEN SPIELBERG
REGARDING BEIJING OLYMPIC GAMES AND DARFUR
FEBRUARY 12, 2008
After careful consideration, I have decided to formally announce the end of my involvement as one of the overseas artistic advisors to the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing Olympic Games.
In anticipation that this day might one day come, I left unsigned the Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games contract presented to me nearly a year ago. Since that time, I have made repeated efforts to encourage the Chinese government to use its unique influence to bring safety and stability to the Darfur region of Sudan. Although some progress has been made along the way, most notably, the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769, the situation in Darfur continues to worsen and the violence continues to accelerate.
With this in mind, I find that my conscience will not allow me to continue with business as usual. At this point, my time and energy must be spent not on Olympic ceremonies, but on doing all I can to help bring an end to the unspeakable crimes against humanity that continue to be committed in Darfur. Sudan's government bares the bulk of the responsibility for these on-going crimes but the international community, and particularly China, should be doing more to end the continuing human suffering there. China's economic, military and diplomatic ties to the government of Sudan continue to provide it with the opportunity and obligation to press for change. The situation has never been more precarious – and while China's representatives have conveyed to me that they are working to end the terrible tragedy in Darfur, the grim realities of the suffering continue unabated.
This has been a very difficult decision for me, as I have cherished the relationships with my Chinese counterparts, in particular, the noted director Zhang Yimou, who is a close personal friend. I have learned a great deal from working with him and all the other creative artists along the way. There is little that is more rewarding than to collaborate with those who bring vision and imagination to a challenging artistic task. And I greatly appreciated the spirit in which we worked together - a spirit that embodied genuine friendship and respect.
For me, the Olympic Games represent an ideal of brotherhood designed to bridge cultural and political divides. I am committed to building bridges between peoples and I saw, and continue to see, the Beijing Games as an opportunity to help ease some of the tensions in the world.
China has much to offer the world and I have no doubt that its international contributions will grow in the years ahead. With growing influence, however, also comes growing responsibilities. As China welcomes the world to Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Games, I hope to be among those in attendance; and it is also my great hope that, with renewed and intensified efforts from China, there will be peace and security in Darfur at last. -
2008-02-22
买书如山倒,读书如抽丝 - [达有贱]
有云:买书如山倒,读书如抽丝。
继寒假读完林达的《历史深处的忧虑》和《我也有一个梦想》后,又进了如下书籍:
《伟大的博弈》约翰·S·戈登
《中国哲学简史》冯友兰
《货币金融学》米什金 可爱的christine送给我的,谢谢:)
《消费经济学》伊志宏。赵吉林老师让我们读的
《公司理财》(罗斯)。这本是郑亚光老师推荐的。
《经济学原理》宏观,当时宏观没学好,现在还需要补一遍。
不禁一阵头晕,这半年的任务看来还是比较重了,虽然课程少,但是还得自己给自己抓紧。
一般不爱在blog里面废话的,这次开学竟然导致我有种莫名的紧张。突然到来的各种任务让闲置了一个假期的大脑产生了排异反应。得尽早做好计划和各项准备了。
这两日突然喜欢上了晚上回寝室插上耳机看书的感觉,一般都是杂事整到十点半,距离熄灯时间也不多了,于是深呼吸一次,挺胸端坐,插上耳机屏蔽外界干扰,开始认真或者假装认真的看书。小说可以,专业著作也行,要的就是那份宁静。熄灯之后悄悄开了应急灯(借对床兄弟的),摸索着翻开书本,幽幽的如半夜出行的鬼魂。如果有杯茶就好了,可惜没有打开水的习惯。
这个世界不缺乏快感,缺乏的是发现快感的神经。
看到十二点,悄悄的爬上床,耳朵后面是微微的鼾声。迎来另外一段快感。
最后再次感谢christine 送我的书,你总是能让我开心:)
-
作者:yehere
来源:猫眼
首先感谢meokey网友,他在某个帖子中贴出了洛杉矶对游行的规定,看了让人觉得很长知识
我花了2个小时翻译了一下。
译文在前,原文在后
你的抗议和示威权力
本指南供以下人士参考:游行者,示威者,演讲者或其他想实践宪法第一修正案权力的人
问:如果我想说的观点是有争议的,我会被限制发表任何我想说的言论吗?
答:不。宪法第一修正案禁止针对发言内容而作的言论限制。尽管如此,这并不意味着宪法保护任何环境下的任何发言,警察和政府官员可以对“时间,场地和方式”进行适当的非歧视性的限制
问:我在哪里可以进行言论自由集会?
答:一般来说,在传统意义上的公共广场进行的任何表达方式都是受保护的。比如人行道和公园。如果街道有合理的条件,也可以用于游行。另外,言论自由在其他公共场合也是允许的,比如专门开放给公众用于言论自由集会的政府大楼前的广场。
问:我要是想在私人场所进行言论自由集会呢?
答:基本的原则是除非私人场所的的主人同意,不能在该场所进行言论自由集会。尽管如此,在加利福尼亚,法院将大型购物中心列为例外,在那里可以发传单和请愿书。购物中心的负责人有权对这种活动设定规章限制,比如限制在商场搞这种活动的人员数量,给这种活动划活动区域。在大部分购物中心制定的详细自由演讲规则中,都要求事先获得允许。最近的法庭判案发现这种“购物中心例外”并不仅限于单独的自选商场,比如沃尔玛和Trader Joe's。
问:在我搞言论自由集会前需要得到批准吗?
答:一般不要。尽管如此,有些类型的活动需要得到允许。他们一般包括下面这些:1.游行不仅限于在人行道上,或是因为其他原因会阻塞交通和封闭街道。2.集会需要使用扩音设备。3.集会要在特定用途的公园或是广场进行,比如属于总务管理局管理范围的联邦财产。
很多的审批程序需要在几周前进行书面申请。尽管如此,宪法第一修正案保护那些因为不可预料和新事件而搞的突发集会,不能以未申请的理由禁止它。
另外,警察和官员有很多可以自行判断处置的权力来影响集会的方式,比如游行的路线或是扩音器的音量。如果官方的限制超出了保障交通和公众安全的必要,或是他们有目的干扰特定人群有效的表达自己的观点,那就违反了宪法第一修正案。官方不能以游行是有争议的或是表达观点是非主流的就拒绝游行申请。
特别问题
问:如果组织者没有事先获得许可,我们可以在哪里搞游行?
答:如果游行是在人行道上进行,并且遵守了交通规则和信号灯,那么即使没有事先获得许可这种活动也是受保护的。游行者要给普通路人留出足够通过的空间,并且不能无理由的阻断道路或者限制路人通过。
问:我可以在人行道上发传单和其他手册吗?
答:可以。可以在路边以赠品的方式发传单,报纸,请愿书。只要留够足够的空间给人通过,也可以为这种活动摆桌子。只要没有阻断路人通过,没有搞强行的身体接触,这种活动都是合法的,不需要事先获得许可。
问:我有权在人行道上设岗哨(picket)吗?
答:可以。这也是一个不需要事先获得许可的活动。当然,岗哨必须以有序合理的方式布置,不能阻挡路人通过和进入建筑。(下面这段没看懂)Contrary to the belief of some law enforcement
officials, picketers are not required to keep
moving, but may remain in one place as long as they
leave room on the sidewalk for others to pass.
问:政府能对言论自由集会征收费用吗?
答:地方政府在维护言论自由条件方面,付出了一些经济费用。包括审批的经费,安保费用或警察的加班费。不幸的是,这些直接费用和间接费用(如法院批准的临时交通绕行)都平摊到了所有人头上。这样如果一个集会的成本过高(比如太具争议或者预计会有太多敌对者来破坏),需要太高昂的安保费用,法院可能会不允许发生这么高昂的代价。
另外,如出台对游行收取费用的规定,会导致那些不富有的团体无法承担费用而放弃组织言论自由集会,不收取费用是为了让草根组织不会因为费用的门槛而被排除在外。
问:如果有演讲者让群众激愤起来,是否要禁止他发言?
答:一般来说不。即使是最具煽动性的演讲者也不应仅仅因为鼓动听众而被惩罚。一个演讲者只有在下面情况下才会被逮捕和审判:他鼓动暴力和违法行为,并且在他鼓动下这些违法行为马上就要发动。
问:集会的反对者也有言论自由吗?
答:是的。尽管集会的反对者不允许以物理的手段去中断集会,他们也有权去发出他们的声音和观点。警察可以隔开观点相反的两派,但允许他们相邻。
问:质问(heckling)是被宪法第一修正案保护的吗?
答:虽然法律没有规定,质疑是被保护的。除非质疑者企图以物理的方式中断对手,或是以大声盖过对手。(翻到这里我想起了“四条腿好,两条腿坏”。用大声喊口号让对手在议会上不能正常发言,是列宁曾经用过的方法)
问:如果过去曾有过同样目的的言论集会,对我们有影响吗?
答:是的。政府不能因为集会有争议内容就歧视它。如果你可以指出过去曾有和你们相似的集会被批准(比如老兵或阵亡将士日游行),那么如果你们的申请被拒,就可以认定政府是有倾向性的选择。
问:还有什么其他言论自由活动是被保护的?
答:宪法第一修正案包括了各种的表达方式,比如音乐,话剧,电影和舞蹈。宪法也保护那些符号式的表达观点的行为,比如戴面具,化装,或持烛守夜。尽管如此,如果像政活动和温和抵抗包括了不合法的行为,是不属于宪法保护范围的,可能导致逮捕和审判。因此,坐在道路上表达政治主张,会因为阻塞交通的罪名被处罚。
问:如果我的权力被警官侵犯怎么办?
答:尽量不要和在街头执勤的警察争论,这样一般不能解决问题。要求和更高级的负责人面谈并且解释你或那个警察当时的情景,指出你没有妨碍任何其他人的活动,并且你的行为是受宪法第一修正案保护的。如果你抗拒某个警官,你可能被从集会现场逮捕。如果法庭判决宪法第一修正案赋予你的权力被侵犯,你不会被判任何罪名。
如果想了解更多信息,请联系国家律师公会。
文章提交者:meokey
猫眼看人
看看洛杉矶是如何规定的:
http://www.nlg-la.org/free_speech_rights.pdf
Your Rights to Demonstrate and Protest
A guide for demonstrators, marchers, speakers and others who seek to exercise their First
Amendment rights.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Q. Can my free speech rights be restricted
because of what I want to say – even if it’s
controversial?
A. No. The First Amendment prohibits restrictions
based on the content of speech. However, this does
not mean that the Constitution completely protects
all types of free speech activity in every
circumstance. Police and government officials are
allowed to place certain non-discriminatory and
narrowly drawn “time, place and manner”
restrictions on the exercise of First Amendment
rights.
Q. Where can I engage in free speech activity?
A. Generally, all types of expression are
constitutionally protected in traditional “public
forums” such as public sidewalks and parks. Public
streets can be used for marches subject to reasonable
permit conditions. In addition, speech activity may
be permitted at other public locations such as the
plazas in front of government buildings which the
government has opened up to similar speech
activities.
Q. What about free speech activity on private
property?
A. The general rule is that free speech activity
cannot take place on private property without the
consent of the property owner. However, in
California, the courts have recognized an exception
for large shopping centers and have permitted
leafleting and petitioning to take place in the public
areas of large shopping centers. The shopping center
owners, however, are entitled to impose regulations
that, for example, limit the number of activists on
the property and restrict their activities to designated
“free speech areas.” Most large shopping centers
have enacted detailed free speech regulations that
require obtaining a permit in advance. Recent court
decisions have found that the “shopping center
exception” does not apply to single, free-standing
stores, such as a Wal-Mart or Trader Joe’s.
Q. Do I need a permit before I engage in free
speech activity?
A. Not usually. However, certain types of events
require permits. Generally, these events include:
(1) a march or parade that does not stay on the
sidewalk and other events that require blocking
traffic or street closures; (2) a large rally requiring
the use of sound amplifying devices; or (3) a rally at
certain designated parks or plazas, such as federal
property managed by the General Services Administration.
Many permit procedures require that the
application be filed several weeks in advance of the
event. However, the First Amendment prohibits
such advance notice requirements from being used
to prevent rallies or demonstrations that are rapid
responses to unforeseeable and recent events. Also,
many permit ordinances give a lot of discretion to
the police or city officials to impose conditions on
the event, such as the route of a march or the sound
levels of amplification equipment. Such restrictions
may violate the First Amendment if they are
unnecessary for traffic control or public safety, or if
they interfere significantly with effective
communication with the intended audience. A
permit cannot be denied because the event is
controversial or will express unpopular views.
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS
Q. If organizers have not obtained a permit,
where can a march take place?
A. If marchers stay on the sidewalk and obey traffic
and pedestrian signals, their activity is constitutionally
protected even without a permit. Marchers
may be required to allow enough space on the
sidewalk for normal pedestrian traffic and not
unreasonably obstruct or detain passers-by.
Q. May I distribute leaflets and other literature
on public sidewalks?
A. Yes. Pedestrians on public sidewalks may be
approached with leaflets, newspapers, petitions and
solicitations for donations. Tables may also be set
up on sidewalks for these purposes if sufficient
room is left for pedestrians to pass. These types of
free speech activity are legal as long as entrances to
buildings are not blocked and passers-by are not
physically or unreasonably detained. No permits
should be required.
Q. Do I have a right to picket on public
sidewalks?
A. Yes. This is an activity for which a permit is not
required. However, picketing must be done in an
orderly, non-disruptive fashion so that pedestrians
can pass by and entrances to buildings are not
blocked. Contrary to the belief of some law enforcement
officials, picketers are not required to keep
moving, but may remain in one place as long as they
leave room on the sidewalk for others to pass.
Q. Can the government impose a financial charge
on exercising free speech rights?
A. Increasingly, local governments are imposing
financial costs as a condition of exercising free
speech rights. These include application fees,
security deposits for clean-up, or charges to cover
overtime police costs. Unfortunately, such charges
that cover actual administrative costs or the actual
costs of re-routing traffic have been permitted by
some courts so long as they are uniformly imposed
on all groups. However, if the costs are greater
because an event is controversial (or a hostile crowd
is expected) – by such things as requiring a large
insurance policy – the courts will not allow such
costs to be imposed. Also, regulations with financial
requirements should include a waiver for groups
that cannot afford the charge, so that even grassroots
organizations can exercise their free speech rights.
Therefore, a group without significant financial
resources should not be prevented from engaging in
a march simply because it cannot afford the charges
the City would like to impose.
Q. Can a speaker be silenced for provoking a
crowd?
A. Generally, no. Even the most inflammatory
speaker cannot be punished for merely arousing the
audience. A speaker can be arrested and convicted
for incitement only if he or she specifically
advocates violence or illegal actions and only if
those illegalities are imminently likely to occur.
Q. Do counter-demonstrators have free speech
rights?
A. Yes. Although counter-demonstrators should not
be allowed to physically disrupt the event they are
protesting, they do have the right to be present and
to voice their views. Police are permitted to keep
two antagonistic groups separated but should allow
them to be within the general vicinity of one
another.
Q. Is heckling protected by the First
Amendment?
A. Although the law is not settled, heckling should
be protected, unless hecklers are attempting to
physically disrupt an event, or unless they are
drowning out the other speakers.
Q. Does it matter if other speech activities have
taken place at the same location in the past?
A. Yes. The government cannot discriminate against
activists because of the controversial content of their
message. Thus, if you can show that events similar
to yours have been permitted in the past (such as a
Veterans or Memorial Day parade), then the denial
of your permit application is an indication that the
government is involved in selective enforcement.
Q. What other types of free speech activity are
constitutionally protected?
A. The First Amendment covers all forms of
communication including music, theater, film and
dance. The Constitution also protects actions that
symbolically express a viewpoint. Examples of such
symbolic forms of speech include wearing masks
and costumes or holding a candlelight vigil. However,
symbolic acts and civil disobedience that
involve illegal conduct may be outside the realm of
constitutional protections and can sometimes lead to
arrest and conviction. Therefore, while the act of
sitting in a road may be expressing a political
opinion, the act of blocking traffic may lead to
criminal punishment.
Q. What should I do if my rights are being
violated by a police officer?
A. It rarely does any good to argue with a street
patrol officer. Ask to talk to a superior and explain
your position to her or him. Point out that you are
not disrupting anyone else’s activity and that your
actions are protected by the First Amendment. If
you do not obey an officer, you might be arrested
and taken from the scene. You should not be convicted
if a court concludes that your First Amendment
rights have been violated.
For more information, contact the National Lawyers Guild
(323) 653-4510 • www.nlg-la.org















